Bail to Jail

Richard Singer covers in his book â€Å"Examples & Explanations: Criminal Procedure II: From Bail to Jail† almost everything that can be legally relevant in the judicial process following the arrest of the possible suspect or future convict. Exhaustive and extremely well-documented, the book covers important aspects in the mechanism ranging from bargained pleas and charging decisions to sentencing and appeals that may follow the jury decision.One of the most important positive aspect we may point out in this book is the courage the author has to include deeply debated legal subjects we are dealing with nowadays. Certainly, in a time of global war with terrorism, new and out of place measures for the democratic civilizations may seem out of place. We are not referring only to the increased measures of national security, but also to controversial issues such as Guantanamo Bay.Given the fact that, on one hand, in the global war against terror, we may consider that almost anything goes and that, on the other hand, significant abuse on human rights were marked by numerous party there, we may consider that deciding to deal with these cases and to explain them is actually a tough and courageous decision on the part of any author. However, Richard Singer does just that. He is not afraid to approach such subjects and his book is very present in today’s reality. From enemy combatant cases to Guantanamo Bay, everything is approached here.In many ways, we feel that this book covers every relevant detail in traditional topics related to post-arrest procedures, including relevant post-trial actions. Further more, as a student, one can only find that the book is written so as to fit the needs of a student. In this sense, we see, for example, that the general approaches to different legal actions and concepts are always followed up by different sets of exercises, each completed with explanations and answers. As a student, one always finds this helpful as it pract ically prolongs the explanations in the book, applying them to learned theory.Relating to the different chapters, this book includes opinions on â€Å"early decisions about the defendant, charging decisions, the grand jury and alternatives, evidence disclosure, pleas of guilt and bargained pleas, the jury, double jeopardy, assistance of counsel, sentencing, and appeals and collateral attack† , only to mention some of them. It is difficult to select the most useful or interesting aspect in this book. The main quality we may find is that it is professionally written and that the approach of a professional is felt throughout the book.Additionally, even if the background is scientific, the approach is often close to the reader, with useful testing features and the capacity to involve the reader in study. Given the difficulty of the subject, this is often something to appreciate: an approach that is likely to reach better the reader is often preferred. Bibliography 1. Barnes and N obles Review. On the Internet at http://btobsearch. barnesandnoble. com/booksearch/isbnInquiry. asp? z=y&btob=Y&isbn=0735550638&TXT=Y&itm=2

Relationship Between Speaking And Listening

Kelsey responded in a very clear way. I agree that you cannot have one without the other. Like Kelsey said, when you are younger and learning to talk, you listen to what other people say. If no one were to listen when they were younger, than nobody would know how to talk. Joey also brought up a great point He mentioned body language. Although you do not need to listen with your ears to read body language, you still need to focus on what the other person is trying to say. Listening is basically trying to focus on what another person is trying to get out to others whether it is with your eyes, or your ears. Pratt Gag 6, 2009 Speaking and listening go together like best and friend. The reason this is the analogy that I chose is because best friends listen when their best friend is speaking. Although, speaking does not require listening, and listening does not require speaking. Many times when I am talking to someone in my family they tune me out, ignore me. It is in times such as this w hen speaking does not demand listening. Speaking does not always need listening because often times the words being said are little more than idle chatter.For and example, Melinda says on page 86, â€Å"By the time we eat dinner, the Battle is roaring at lull pitch. Grades, blah blah blah, Attitude, blah blah blah, Help around the house, blah blah blah, Not a kid anymore, blah blah blah. † Also, on page 115 Melinda is daydreaming while her parents are talking with the school guidance counselor and the school principal. â€Å"In my headword they jump on Principal Principals desk an perform a tap-dance routine. A spotlight flashes on them. A chorus line joins in, and the guidance counselor dances around a spangled cane. I giggle. Zap.Back in their world. † In neither of these passages is Melinda listening, but people are still speaking. Thus, speaking can exist thou listening. Likewise, listening does not require speaking. It is possible you listen to things that cannot speak. Also, it is possible to listen to others, even when they do not speak. So many times share looks with my friends that say more than a thousand words ever could. To provide a real life example, today at band camp was talking to my best friend, but neither of us were speaking. Yet I know that she was listening to me, and to her.As an example from the book, page 152 is excellent. Melinda is hiding in her closet at school and she talks about her poster speaking to her. â€Å"Maya taps me on he shoulder. I'm not listening. I know I know, I don't want to hear it. I need to do something about Rachel, cometh inning for her. Maya tells me without saying anything. † Even though Melinda says that she is not listening to Maya, she evidently is. Maya isn't really saying anything, seeing as she is part of an inanimate object. Considering this, listening can also exist without speaking just as speaking can also exist without listening.Two different people, independent from each other , yet held fast by an unbreakable bond. Two different ideas, independent from each other, yet held together by an iron link. Best friends are truly just the same as speaking and listening. Choice Gag 7, 2009 The relationship between speaking and listening is that if someone is speaking for a particular reason, there is usually someone or something on the other end listening and possibly benefiting from the speaker. One can exist without the other to an extent. Someone can speak to themselves but the only one listening is themselves.Also, someone can listen to anything. Music, rain falling, cars passing by, and so many other things that are able to be listened to but none of those things are qualified as speaking. So I believe pea king cannot exist without listening, but listening can exist without speaks Eng. Junkyard's Gag 7, 2009 First of all, wow great response Beck! She's right! Speaking and listening definitely go together like brother and sister, however you have the choice to be listening when others are speaking or vice versa.Page 86 as Beck mentioned says, â€Å"By the time we eat dinner, the Battle is roaring at full pitch. Grades, blah blah blah, Attitude, blah blah blah, Help around the house, blah blah blah, Not a kid anymore, blah blah blah. † Page 115 Melinda is daydreaming while her parents are talking with the school guidance nonsense and principal. â€Å"In my headword, they jump on Principal Principals desk an perform a tap-dance routine. A spotlight flashes on them. A chorus line joins in, and the guidance counselor dances around a spangled cane. Giggle. Zap. Back in their world. † Right on again!This proves to us that speaking does not always need listening, and even in our everyday lives we often times speak random words knowing that no one is listening. Beck also mentioned a great example on page 152 of listening without speaking. Melinda talks about her poster Maya, â€Å"Maya taps me on the shoulder. I'm not listening. I know I know, I don't want to hear it. I need to do something about Rachel, something for her. Maya tells me without saying anything. † Although Mel says she is not listening, she obviously does. Therefore, listening can also exist without speaking just as speaking can exist without listen inning. Griming Gag 10, 2009 There is a symbiotic relationship between speaking and listening. One cannot exist without the other effectively. This goes back to the age old saying, if a tree falls in the forest but if no one is around to hear it did the tree actually make any noise when it fell. You can speak all you want but if no one is existing there is no point in speaking. You can listen all you want but if no one is speaking there is no point in listening. This is how Melinda felt, she could talk all she wanted but she thought no one would listen, so she figured there was no point in talking.Referring back to page 1 84 when Melinda speaks out and tells Rachel that she was raped, Rachel believes her at first but then when the person that raped Melinda was Earache's boyfriend she calls Melinda a liar and does not believe her. Dishtowel Gag 1 0, 2009 Beach, think you did a good job of exploring all of the opportunities between peaking and listening. It is true that the two go together like brother and sister, but I think that they can also stand on their own. Harrison, I would like to point out something when you said â€Å"You can speak all you want but if no one is listening there is no point in speaking. I think you have a valid point, but aren't there some people that say things purposely when nobody is listening, just to get it off of their chest without the fear of others' judgment? Think that speaking and listening have a very complicated, semi-dependent relationships with each other. Pratt Gag 10, 2009 Thanks Jean! This was actually my favorite question to answer because it was a challenge, but I knew that I would be able to come up with a good answer. Laur en, I want to bring up what you said about saying things when people aren't listening just to get it off your chest.I think that is something that we as teenagers all do. For instance, people mutter to themselves and someone says â€Å"What? † and you reply â€Å"Nothing. † then they proceed to say â€Å"What? No, seriously, tell me. Want know! † Often times I find that the person who muttered is saying something negative to themselves that they do not want everyone around them to hear, but if they do not say it they will flip. Or also, many times I will go off by myself and just try to explain things to myself to try and figure things out. No one is listening, yet I am still speaking.And as I am speaking, I am helping myself by bringing thoughts to the surface to help organize and collect myself. Speaking aloud helps me a lot, even when no one is listening. So Harrison, I also disagree with your point stating that no point exists in speaking if no one is listen ing, because speaking can be extremely worthwhile, perhaps even more worthwhile when no one is listening, because o one will interject and argue with you. Nanas Gag 12, 2009 In a mix of words Sarah says that though there is a relationship between speaking and listening, not everyone will choose to listen to what they hear.Speaking and listening cannot exist without each other and if you want to be listened to you must first listen to others and speak up so that others hear and listen to you. There is a difference between hearing and listening and if you want to speak you must be understanding and willing to listen to what others have to say as well. In Speak, Sarah states that Melinda does not speak of her rape and this is true. Though many people are willing to listen to Melinda such as her friends, mother and father, David Petrifies, Mr..Freeman and potentially others, she feels as though no one would hear her or just choose not to listen. Sarah quotes Melanin's realization that t hough, â€Å"IT†, meaning Andy Evans raped her and that it might not ever leave her, she can grow from it. When she finally figures out that it is Okay to share what occurred at the party and speak to others about it Melinda begins to grow again. Agree with Sarah that the only way Melinda can over come what happened is by speaking about it and having other people listen to her. Crooking Gag 28, 2009 Sarah Footfall makes a really good point in her explanation.

Analyze The Procurement Methods Samples

The success of a construction project is usually determined from the initial stages through the procurement process chosen. The procurement process will influence the whole construction process and able to determine the success of the construction projects. This paper will analyze three key procurement methods namely design and construct procurement method, management procurement method and collaborative procurement. This paper will analyse the positive and negative impacts, which are accrued when these methods are adopted in construction projects. Additionally, it will look at the benefits and risks, which the different stakeholders experience when either of the methods is chosen. One of the key procurement method, which is gaining popularity in construction projects, is the design and constructs procurement method. As the name suggests, the procurement method can allow the commencement of the construction phase while the design process is still on the process (Victorian State Government, 2006). The adoption of this method is usually done to ensure that the completion of the project is completed in time. Moreover, under this procurement method, different details of the project are given in advance and therefore enhancing the stakeholders planning. Additionally, under this method, the contractor can bear most of the risks in design and implementation of the project. The terms of the contract sum are provided through competitive pricing, which the client can control (Infrastructure Australia, 2012). Under this method, different approaches, which are able to define the relationship and responsibilities of different stakeholders, are usually stated. The following diagrams are able to highlight the different approaches, which are used when this method is applied in a construction project. Under this method, the client can control only one firm which they enter into a contract with regarding the project. The firm has the responsibility for design and construction of the project. The few stakeholders involved can increase the operational efficiency when implementing projects (Mortledge, Smith, and Kashiwagi, 2006). This is able to enhance the commitment of the resources to one area and limit the time of contacting different people separately such as designers and contractor. Overlapping of activities is possible which enhances the implementation cycle. Time is usually saved when the different activities take place at the same time, and this enhances completion of the project within the stipulated timeline. Moreover, the contractor has a contribution on the design parameters, and this enhances the constructibility of the project. Additionally, the cost of implementation is under control when this method is used. The maximum price is usually determined in the procurement stage, and this ensures that any escalation is met within the set budget. Nevertheless, this method has some key flaws, which are experienced when it’s chosen to implement construction projects. The project specifications can easily change according to the needs of the client. Since the lump sum cost is fixed, it creates a hard implementation time when the specification changes (National Research Council (U.S.), & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.), 2016). This can lead to an expensive project than it was anticipated before. Also, this method requires comparison of different designs. This may take a lot of time and therefore take up implementation timeline. Moreover, the client is required to commit to a concept design before the detailed and complete designs are completed. This raises high chances for changes while the project is under implementation stage and making the project expensive (Construction Specifications Institute, 2005). Moreover, the client has to prepare all the contract documents in advance and through this method, difficulties may be experienced, where the documents are inadequate and insufficiently comprehensive due to client limitation to prepare them. Several stakeholders involved in these projects can enjoy when it is chosen to implement a construction project. First, the client has limited risks since the contractor has much of the control of the project. This means that the contractor and not the client will sort out financial escalation. Secondly, the client can receive the completed project on time. This is because overlapping of activities is possible and gives the contractors and subcontractors enough time to beat the project deadline (Construction, 2016). The method enhances proper construction method by the contractor since they were involved in the design stages. This gives them ample time for implementation and enhancing the cooperation of the different ideas. Some of the stakeholders are able to experience some problems when this method is chosen. First, the client is required to prepare the contract document, an exercise, which the client may, not be experienced in doing (Gould & Joyce, 2014). The client may experience this problem when preparing the documents. Secondly, the contractor is able to bear all the risks and therefore when the costs exceed the contractor can experience the losses. When changes occur, the cost of the project is able to change but the lump sum cost is unlikely to change and therefore the contractor bears that additional cost. The projects, which their design scopes are unlikely to change, suit this procurement method. In addition, projects whose building is functional rather than prestigious aspects are more stresses suit this method (Gould, 2012). Simple projects, where the technical knowledge is limited suit this method for implementation. Lastly, projects, which require quick implementation, need a procurement method like this to ensure quick implementation. Another upcoming procurement method in the construction projects is the management procurement. Under this procurement method, the client can appoint an independent professional team and a management contractor. This team can act as the adviser to the client in the preconstruction stages and able to carry out the construction works during the construction stage (Gould & Joyce, 2014). In addition, under this method, different approaches can as well be used. Some of these methods include management contracting, construction management and design and manage. The different stakeholders under this method relate according to the following diagram Management contracting- this method requires the appointment of an independent professional team which will advise the client and later carry out the construction works (Austroads, 2007). Early start of the project can be achieved through this approach. Construction management – this approach requires a management contractor who is able to determine the different project aspects (Arain, 2016). Work contractor is also chosen and enhance the implementation of the project works. The management contractor can manage the other contractors. Design and manage –A contractor is chosen to head the design and implementation stage of the construction project. The works contractor and consultant take different responsibilities under this approach. There are different pros, which are achieved using this method. First, the client is able to choose a single firm, which he or she deals with. This enhances the management and coordination from the client perspective (Mortledge, Smith, and Kashiwagi, 2006). Additionally, overlapping of activities is possible through this method and therefore enhancing early completion of the project. Constructability is usually enhanced since the contractor is involved in the design stage when this method is chosen. Competitiveness in tendering process ensures value for money to the client. Additionally, all roles and responsibilities to the different stakeholders are usually stipulated and therefore minimising conflict of interest. Lastly, the flexibility of design is usually possible to suit the client preferences. First, this method is not certain about the cost of the project, and it is only known at the end of the project completion. This means that cost escalation can be able to increase and making the implementation stage hard. Additionally, the client is much involved in the process and therefore requires client who has knowledge of the construction process (Gould, 2012). Additionally, the client is able to lose the control of the design, a responsibility which constructors can take. This means clients needs may not be addressed fully (Harris, Mccaffer & Edum-Fotwe, 2013). Lastly, clear definition of the implementation timeline and all information of the project is required before the implementation stage commences, which may be hard to provide. The client has an easy time in control of the single firm chosen to manage the project. This enhances the collaboration and coordination between the client and implementation team (Fewings, 2013). The methods provide enough time for the contractor to complete the project on time through the overlapping of activities. Additionally, the client can achieve the value of money for the project through the competitive tendering and selection of the implementation team. Each role and responsibility of the stakeholders is to know and therefore enhancing their operation. The client is able to lose the control of the design aspects of the project. This means that their needs may not well articulated as they need. Since the client is not in the design and management part, the end product may not suit their needs (Fewings, 2013). The cost risk is available to the works contractor and the client. Since the cost is uncertain, changes on the cost are likely to occur and therefore likely to suppress the set budget. Informed client about the construction process is a key element to this method. A problem may arise on the management team when the client does not understand these processes. Simple projects, which the clients can understand, are most preferred to be carried out through this method. Projects, which can easily change also, require this method for their implementation. Under this method, different stakeholders in the construction project come together. The risks involved in the project are share according to the different responsibilities, which the shareholders have in the project (Gould, 2012). This procurement method requires stakeholders who can share the same ideas and aspects concerning the project. Under this method, the flow of different elements can be represented as in the following diagram. Transparency level is usually high under this method, and this is a key pro, which this method can bring in procurement sector (Centre for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery, 2010). The different parties are able to collaborate and able to bring the value of money to the project. High resource utilisation is also achieved in this method. Effective implementation of the project is usually achieved through the high consultation in the project. Different ideas are presented enhancing the innovations and implementation of the project. Lastly, due to the high involvement of stakeholders, the projected uncertainty is usually low. This method requires a lot of time during the implementation stage. This may lead to the project timeline to be exceeded (Arain, 2016). The high involvement and coordination require the high trust to the members. This level may not be possible. Opportunistic behaviour may arise and therefore increasing the risk of implementation. The client can forecast on their needs of the project through the early involvement in design stages (Gould, & Joyce, 2013). This enhances the client to prepare and manage their resources for the project implementation. The contractors have an easy time in implementation due to different ideas from stakeholders. The high quality project is achieved for the client through the collaborative ideas. The client may not receive the project on time due to the increased collaboration process. Trust issues among the stakeholders are a problem, which may affect the contractors working (Harris, Mccaffer & Edum-Fotwe, 2013). Increased implementation timeline is a risk to the contractor since additional costs may accrue. Complex project requires this method to enhance their implementation. Additionally, high project requires this method to take the advantage of different input from different people. Procurement methods are key in the implementation of the construction project. The choice of the procurement method depends on the details of the project. Each method has its pros and cons and the areas, which they will perfectly suit to bring the best out of the projects. The different stakeholders can derive different benefits on each method, which is chosen. Additionally, the risk is a key part of the construction process and therefore whichever method is chosen, some problems may be experienced. (2016). Construction. https://trrjournalonline.trb.org/toc/trr/2573. ARAIN, F. M. (2016). Construction project management research compendium. Volume 6 Volume 6. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=1365770. AUSTROADS (2007). Guide to project delivery: part 2: project delivery planning and control, by R Brown and P Robinson, AGPD02/07, Austroads, Sydney, NSW. BALDWIN, A., & BORDOLI, D. (2014). A handbook for project planning and scheduling in construction. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1666532. centre for excellence and innovation in infrastructure delivery (2010). Infrastructure procurement options guide, Centre for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery, Western Australia, Perth, WA.   CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS INSTITUTE. (2005). The project resource manual: CSI manual of practice. New York, McGraw-Hill. FEWINGS, P. (2013). Construction project management: an integrated approach. Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1092840. GOULD, F. E. (2012). Managing the construction process: estimating, scheduling, and project control. Boston, Prentice Hall. GOULD, F. E., & JOYCE, N. (2014). Construction project management. GOULD, F., & JOYCE, N. (2013). Construction Project Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Education. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4773308. HARRIS, F., MCCAFFER, R., & EDUM-FOTWE, F. (2013). Modern construction management. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley-Blackwell. https://www.AUT.eblib.com.au/EBLWeb/patron/?target=patron&extendedid=P_1132836_0. INFRASTRUCTURE AUSTRALIA. (2012). Efficiencies in major project procurement: volume 1: Benchmarks for efficient procurement of major infrastructure, Department of Infrastructure and Transport, Canberra, ACT. MORTLEDGE, R., SMITH, A., KASHIWAGI, D.T. (2006).   Building Procurement. Blackwell, Oxford, UK.   NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (U.S.)., & NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE (U.S.),. (2016). Construction. (Transportation research record.) VICTORIAN STATE GOVERNMENT (2006).   Project Alliance Practitioners Guide. Department of Treasury and Finance (https://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/projectalliancing)  

Conventions of academic writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Conventions of academic writing - Essay Example Formatting paper in APA style means paying attention to mechanical details such as typeface, line spacing, margins, and page numbers. On the other hand, it has rather been conducive to accomplish my English papers using the MLA style. As an academic writing convention that provides guidelines for writing and documentation of research in the  humanities, especially in  English studies, I acquire a sense of flexibility every time I review and edit my critical writing with MLA format. This style is widely used as well in the study of other  modern languages  and literatures, including  comparative literature,   literary criticism,  media and  cultural studies, and some other related disciplines. Writing a paper on history subject is another area for which I find MLA style useful. This convention had undergone certain changes including the use of italics instead of underlining title and URL listing of online sources is optional. Plagiarism is nowhere far from the crime of inflicting damage or plunder of intellectual property, making it a serious academic offense. If I were a writer whose original quote/line is used or rephrased by someone else, for whatever purpose without due acknowledgment, then that person commits plagiarism against my right to personal property. In this case, I am equivalently deprived of a ‘right to identity’ by way of rational design or one that essentially sets an individual’s uniqueness apart from the rest. To avoid plagiarism, it is always essential to cite references especially the primary ones properly. For instance, whenever one finds it necessary to use more than three words in a row that occurred exactly in the same order in the source material, these words must be put into quotation marks with in-text citation within parentheses having footnote or endnote added to give appropriate credit to the source. Hypothesis is one important research

Network Operations Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Network Operations - Coursework Example The user that gave the request might not have correct access rights to the application given, and it will result into the request failing. The issues can be avoided by setting the client and server to be in the same Windows domain. Make sure the user id of the customer is configured on both the client and server computers. There might be a failed communication between the client and server due to faulty connection hardware or no internet. No connection problems can be avoided by first establishing if there is a link to the server through the ping command. Problems might arise from weak firewall configurations. Firewalls might deny a client access to certain resources on the server, (Tamara, 2009). The problem can be avoided by first disabling firewall to ascertain if that is the cause of the problem and then configuring the firewall setting for the client in question. The transmission might not be successful due to power or electricity interruptions of either the client or server or both. Power interruptions can be avoided by having power backups. Transmission problems might arise due to change of IP addresses. The problem can be solved when using DHCP by setting client lease time to at list 24hrs. The problem can also be solved assigning static IP addresses to client, server or both. Setting up of the a WAN that covers a large area has a lot of challenges during the initial setup. The major challenges are staffing, existing applications, network equipment and managing connectivity outside of the primary organization location. Staffing and personnel implications to consider include; making sure that the correct employees with the required skills are available at every global location. The senior network designer should make sure there is constant communication with all the teams in all the locations. The personnel should have the correct motivation in terms

Old is gold, let us not neglect it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Unit 1 Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Individual portfolio- pebble - Essay Example l with responsibility for allocation of duties to her team, ensuring correct food service, ensuring reasonable waiting times for food, and handling food complaints. Jiawen Zhu, as front house manager, was tasked with allocating roles to members of her team and ensuring availability of staff to receive guests. Chandra was chosen as kitchen manager with responsibilities to oversee kitchen team, allocate their responsibilities, ensure correct delivery of dishes, and enhance communication between chefs and the team. Finally, Gerel Bold was chosen as setting/clearing up manager with the responsibility of ensuring tables were correctly laid, allocation of duties to team members, and ensuring timely setting up and clearing up. For this event, a British summer theme was chosen. The British summer is unique because the sun sets later than usual in the evening after clocks are set back by one hour. The event will take into account the perception of the British summer, as consisting of two fine days and a thunderstorm (Eden 2008, p. 1). This theme will seek to show the colour, fun, and sun that are associated with summer, which will be reflected via the design and dà ©cor of the event, as well as the drink and food. Three courses will be presented as part of the meal menu, aiming to reflect the fun atmosphere through fun packaging. The idea of a British summer will be represented using red/blue/silver runners as representative of the British flag, while a colourful flower bouquet will be reminiscent of the summer season. The customers targeted for this event are university students and staff. This customer base is well educated and considers specific information regarding cooking methods. Thus, members of the staff will be required to know about the food and beverages offered in order to offer advice and answer questions by the customer, improving customer service. This customer base will also be seeking to satisfy specific needs other than dining, which may be related to

The lack of uniformity for liability on multimodal transports Dissertation

The lack of uniformity for liability on multimodal transports - Dissertation Example As Nes (2002) points out, during last centuries, unimodal transport conventions such as an urban network, a regional network, or a national network of transport were the main modes of transport for goods and services. As the volume transport increased, the global traders were forced to develop improved alternatives to overcome the existed difficulties. Multimodal transport convention has been designed as an alternative to the unimodal transport system and it refers to the transfer of goods under a single contract but involves in at least two different methods of transport (Roemer). Multimodal transport contains a chain of process and steps such as multiple storage and handling stages which require a thorough control (Gocheva). Lack of uniformity in multimodal transports As Devia (2008) points out the main difficulty associated with the carriage of goods is that there is no international regime in force regarding various modes of transport. It produces many confusions and barriers for the smooth operation of the stages of transport. As a result of this lack of uniformity in regulation, it is forced to apply the determination of the law to a specific transport process when different modes of transport are deployed (Haak, 2005). It also creates some difficulties for the international transport of goods. According to Sturley (2007), there may arise some problems in the transport of goods between countries located at different continent if the goods in transit are damaged. He says the reason that the law regarding carriage of goods may vary from region to region and from continent to continent due to the absence of a common law in force (Sturley). In such cases, it is very difficult to identify the places or stages where the damages occurred so that the liability of the carrier varies in relation to the court where he is sued. The Multimodal Transport Operator (MTO) is the carrier of the contract and the responsibility of cargo or goods reaches his shoulders as soon as he takes the possession of goods and bears this risk until the goods are being delivered (Ralph, 3). Although the MTO bears the whole risk of the goods in transport, he does not directly take part in the process of actual transfer of goods. On the other hand, he usually subcontracts the certain parts of the same to the network of subcontractees on a commission basis. According to the uniform liability rules, the MTO is liable for the goods of the shipper so that he has to pay compensation to the shipper if the goods in transit are damaged at any stage of the transport (United Nations,.20). Sometimes, the shipper’s goods may get damaged due to the negligence of the sub carrier who does not have any direct liability towards the shipper since he has not entered into any contract with the shipper. At the same time, the sub carrier has jointly formed a contract with MTO and he has to pay compensation to the MTO if the contracted goods are damaged while their possession lies wi th the sub carrier (unimodal law). Due to the lack of uniformity of ‘uniform liability rules’ and ‘unimodal laws’, an MTO would not recover the whole compensation amount from the sub carriers; and it would lead MTO to huge losses. Although network liability system and modified liability system have developed to solve the difficulties associated with transport of goods, it cannot bring uniformity in applicable liability regimes for multimodal transport. Rotterdam Rules Rotterdam rules or United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International

A Climate for Change Essay Example for Free

A Climate for Change Essay General Motors has been through some difficult times the past ten years or so and appears to have learned some hard lessons. Based on these lessons, General Motors has begun to adopt a strategy of restoring profitability to its North American operations, by aggressive marketing, redesigned products, adopting to new Human resource strategy and a profit rather than a market share goal. Since this assignment is on strategic human resource management, I will be concentrating more on GMs Functional Strategy in HR, which played a major role for GMs success. General Motors Human Resource Management Most companies do not view the HR department as a strategic business partner or as an indispensable part of the organisation (Terri Kabachnick, 1999). By analysing executive assessments, they usually show merchandising, finance, or marketing in the top spot when each departments value and contribution to the companys success as perceived by the company are rated. HR inevitably ranks last, coupled with loss prevention. Traditional HR departments within large, multi-national corporations tend to be powerless with the logistics of managing processes across many departments spanning multiple countries. In addition, GM, like other multi-nationals, has multiple HR groups one at the corporate level and additional ones for each business unit within the corporation. These HR groups typically do not have a central repository of information and lack a coordinated communications infrastructure. As a result, the HR processes of large, multi-national corporations generally are redundant and inefficient. In addition, the sheer number of third-party vendors used by an HR department to handle discrete functions makes management of the process challenging. By necessity, these departments predominantly have focused on administrative functions and typically dont have the time or the resources to devote to strategic planning. At the same time, many are facing a dramatic reduction in resources, and cost-cutting efforts primarily have focused on reducing staff, rather than re-engineering service delivery. A Climate for Change: While many businesses flourished during the boom years of the 1990s, GM, like other U.S.-based automakers, struggled to maintain the status quo. During those years, GMs market share continued to shrink as a steady stream of consumers bought cars from its Japanese, German and Korean competitors. When Wagoner took over as president and chief executive officer of GM in 1998, he knew the company had to change its approach to manufacturing and selling cars or it would continue a downward spiral and eventually lose its place as the worlds pre-eminent automaker. Wagoner set into motion an effort to reorganize and rebuild GM from the inside out. One of Wagoners primary objectives was to refocus and revamp the companys HR department. Wagoner thought HR is paramount to GMs reorganisation effort. If they were to hire, train and keep the best workforce possible, then it must have the best and most up-to-date HR practices possible. While the change in HR is just one element of making GM a more globally focused and competitive company, it is a key element. GM has always been a very siloed corporation with all of its different divisions functioning like separate companies. There have been numerous reorganisation efforts at GM, and most have not fared well, because of the turf battles and independent nature of GMs divisions. However, GM appears to be taking a different approach. Focusing on HR and making it a key element in the reorganisation effort, which GM has never really attempted before. One real challenge has been the effects of change on one large organisation which has set itself to comfort,so to get GMs management team to completely buy into the strategic role for HR was a task in itself. Middle management, however, has been a different story, they were more resistant to change than their managers. But, the effort is under way, and senior-level executives are well aware that it is an evolution not a revolution and therefore will take some time. The key to making the evolution work, is to find the points of resistance and to try to make them understand the need for change. And if they continue to resist then personnel changes should be considered.as the cost is quite big to barter. I personally feel that the approach which GM adopted, provides a best fit to its work environment and structure.

Testing Webservices Using Soapui And Jmeter

Testing Webservices Using Soapui And Jmeter Web servers are an integral part of a web application. Choosing the right web server that meets the applicationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s requirements and the expected load is a key decision in providing a real-time response. This paper studies and compares the performance of different open source web servers like Apache Tomcat and Jetty under different loads. The objective is to carry out load testing using Jmeter, which is an open source tool, written in java. In the process, web service used in load testing is functional tested using an open source tool-soapUI. The paper also explores the capabilities of these two tools. The webservice used for load testing the web servers is a wrapper method around an open source project called Lucene, provided by the Apache foundation. Lucene provides full text indexing and searching capabilities in different libraries. The paper will use the experimental results to calculate the peak TPS of the webservers and determine the capabilities/limitations of the ab ove webservers. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Discovering the unexpected is more important than confirming the knownà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-(George Box). Software testing is an essential and integral part of the software development cycle. This can be done either manually or by using automated testing tools. The later method is more preferred in recent times as it saves a lot of time and helps catch the software bugs missed by manual testing. There are different types of software testing techniques that include- functional testing, integration testing, load testing, regression testing etc. Functional testing involves testing the features and operational behavior of a software to ensure they correspond to its specifications. Load testing involves modeling the expected usage of a software program by simulating multiple users accessing the program in parallel. The purpose of the paper is to serve as a case study for evaluating the performance of web servers. Testing can be aided significantly by several testing tools. This paper performs functional testing of web service using soapUI tool. SoapUI is an open source testing tool which mainly performs functional testing of Web services (SOAP, REST etc). SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is a simple mechanism for exchanging structured and typed information between peers in a decentralized distributed environment using XML [1]. In this paper, wrapper webservice methods are written on top of APIs provided by Lucene. Apache Lucene is a high performance, full-featured text search engine library written entirely in Java with powerful, accurate and efficient search algorithms [3]. It is open source software suitable for most of the applications that require full-text search, especially cross-platform. Applications based on Lucene include: Eclipse, JIRA, Roller, OpenGrok, Nutch, Solr etc [2]. Lucene exposes methods that provide the functionality for indexing text documents and also provides APIs to search indexed documents based on a certain set of predefined fields. These methods exposed by the libraries are used by the webservice to provide indexing and search functionality. This webservice is functional tested using soapUI. There are different open source web servers available in the market. Jakarta Tomcat, Miniature Java Web server and Jetty are a few examples of open source web servers. Web servers are containers that host web applications/webservices. The lucene webservice is then hosted on two different webservers (Tomcat and Jetty) and these web servers are load tested using JMeter. Apache Jmeter, is another open source testing tool that is used to load test web applications. The webserverà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s performance is analyzed under different loads generated using Jmeter. Jmeter is used to simulate heavy load on a server and test the webserverà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s capabilitylimitation. Section 2 of this paper describes the environment setup needed for this project. presents current work and industry acceptance of some of the functional and load testing tools. Section 4 describes Rigi and highlights its limitation. Section 4 describes Understand 2.5 as a reverse engineering tool. Section 5 demonstrates reverse engineering of SimpleDB, an open source code. Section 6 concludes reverse engineering. 2. Environment Since soapUI and Jmeter are java based tools, it runs on most operating systems including Windows, Mac and Linux. The study will be done on Windows 7. SoapUI and Jmeter require 1.6+ JRE (Java Runtime Environment). It requires at least 1 GB of memory, and about 100 MB of disk space. Tools: soapUI and Jmeter Web servers: Apache Tomcat and Jetty Web service: To avoid the Web service being the bottleneck, a simple Web service that calculates the area of different shapes will be used as the Web service. This Web service can be extended later to perform other functions. 3. Current Practices This section presents current work and industry acceptance of some of the functional and load testing tools. soapUI and JMeter are two free tools used by the open source community. Section 3.1 talks about different commercial and open source functional testing tools. Section 3.2 concentrates on load testing tools. 3.1. Functional testing tools Some of the functional testing tools for testing internet applications currently being used by industries are listed below A) soapUI soapUI is a tool used for functional testing web services. Many industries are currently using soapUI for testing. It is being used to implement test suits for Alfresco Web services. soapUI is being used in a handful of public sector projects lately. As part of the Czech eGovernment project Datovà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Schrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nky soapUI is used for session-based login scenario with Datovà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Schrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nky [16]. It is also used in testing ASP.NET Web services. It is a big success in market as it comes with plug-ins for many IDEà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s/tools like NetBeans, Maven, Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA 6+ etc [16]. B) WebLOAD Professional WebLOAD Professional is RadViewà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s commercial tool for performance testing of Internet applications [3]. It has built-in support for AJAX technologies, JSON data types and different types of SOAP and XML Web services [3]. C) Quicktest Professional QTP is widely used commercial test automation tool mainly for functional testing. It allows the users to fill out a Web page and to submit it. It then follows the request from the client workstation through the network. The message is traced to the Web service that processes it [4]. D) TestMaker TestMaker is a Web service testing application from PushToTest. TestMakers tests are embodied in scripts called à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½test agents. It can also be used to test Web applications [15]. Bundled with TestMaker is a network monitoring tool that can watch HTTP traffic between your browser and a target Web application, and generate test cases from the interaction [15]. 3.2. Load testing tools With applications like twitter and facebook becoming popular day by day, the amount of traffic that web servers handle has increased tremendously. The importance of tuning the performance of web servers has become crucial. Web server performance largely depends of components such as server hardware platform, Web server software, server operating system, network bandwidth, file sizes, caching, etc [5]. The performance of the web servers can be increased tremendously by proper tuning of the components of the server [5]. Most of the web applications run smoothly with minimal traffic. But when thousands of users access a web site in parallel, it tends to run slowly. Hence it is always a good practice to thoroughly load test web site/Web services before it goes live. Industries, when choosing the right web server for the web site being developed, usually take the expected load into account. They will also stress test Web servers by running 20-40 simultaneous requests on one URL [5]. The a verage time for the responses is then recorded. This will help them make the right decision. Listed are a few of the load testing tools used in the market (particularly open source market). A) JMeter JMeter is an open source Apache Jakarta project that can be used as a load testing tool for analyzing and measuring the performance of a variety of services, with a focus on web applications. This will be discussed in detail in section 4. JMeter is used worldwide by many companies for testing. AOL use JMeter for performance testing, QA, and adhoc production requests [14]. PrepMe is another company that uses JMeter. They wrap JMeter with a few scripts to dynamically generate configuration files based on the type of tests to be run [14]. This is integrated with their internal Symfony framework installation. Sapient and orbitz also use JMeter [14]. Advantages of Jmeter are it is open source and it provides the ability to load and performance test different kinds of Web server types like web, SOAP and database via JDBC. It also provides support for displaying the results using different Graphs and will support regression testing in the future. B) Grinder The Grinder is an open source load testing tool designed to load test functional behavior and measure performance. Grinder scripts are written in Jython programming language. It adopts a generic approach that allows load testing of anything that has a Java API. For example, HTTP web servers, SOAP and REST Web services [3]. C) NeoLoad NeoLoad is a commercial load and stress testing tool to measure the performance of the web application and provide pragmatic solutions facilitating design and development of the optimized website. Benefit of NeoLoad is easy creation of tests, which can be performed by non specialists. [3]. Although commercial tools offer richer set of features and are in general easier to use, available open source tools are sufficient to successfully perform given tasks. Their usage requires higher level of technical expertise but they are a lot more flexible and extendable 4. Details 4.1. Functional Testing The Web servers will host the Web service (CalculateArea) that returns the area of different shapes. Using soapUI, the functionality of the Web service will be tested with different test cases. The following are the methods exposed by the CalculateArea Web service 1) Double AreaOfRectangle (double length, double breadth) 2) Double AreaOfCircle (double radius) 3) Double AreaOfCylinder (double radius, double height) 4) Double AreaOfTriangle (double length, double height) This service can be extended later to include methods to calculate the area of other shapes. Figure 1. Functional testing of Web servers using soapUI tool Testing of Web services has to target three aspects: the discovery of Web services , the data format exchanged (i.e.,Web Services Description Language, WSDL), and request/response mechanisms (i.e., SOAP). The Web Services Description Language (WSDL) is an XML-based language that provides a model for describing Web services [1][5] . The data format and request/response mechanisms can be tested by invoking requests and observing responses with test data representing valid and invalid data formats[1]. The above three scenarios will be tested using soapUI. soapUI will validate and import Web services from SOAP based WSDL documents. Fig 1 explains the functional testing that will be carried out in details. Each method invocation will be a request to invoke that particular method (ex:AreaOfCircle) on the Web service. The Web server will receive the request and determine which application will handle the request and pass on the request to the particular application. The application (CalculateArea Web service) will receive the request and proc ess the request. The application will throw an exception if there are any issues (missing/invalid parameter value or invalid parameter type) with the request. Otherwise, it will perform the necessary service and return the result in the response which is forwarded to the component that invoked the service (soapUI in this case). The request and the response will be examined to make sure the response is the expected response for each scenario. If the Web service throws an exception, soapUI throws the same exception so that the user will know what the exception was for. We will use Jakarta Tomcat and Jetty to host the Web service to be tested. 4.2. Load testing of the application and stress testing the web server Figure 2: Load/stress testing of Web servers using JMeter tool As mentioned in the previous section, the Web service will be hosted on both Jakarta tomcat and Jetty. Jmeter, an open source load testing tool, will be used to perform the load testing/stress testing on both the web servers. As shown in Figure 2, the load on the Web server will be gradually increased by increasing the number of requests every time. The response time will be noted for each of the response from the web server. This result will help in calculating the time taken by the web server to process these requests. This will be used to calculate the TPS (transactions per second) that each Web server handles under each load. These results should be a good indicator on how the above web server scales for increasing loads. The number of requests per second will be increased by increasing the requests per second from Jmeter and also by using multiple running instances of Jmeter (thereby simulating multiple concurrent users). The above test will be performed for the following number of transaction on each server and the results will be noted. Table 1. Load metrics Requests per second Time taken to handle the requests % Passed transaction % Failed Transaction Transaction Per Second Handled by the Web server 5. Future Directions When trying to choose Open Source test tools, several factors may be considered, such as how active the development is, the support for the tool, the quality of the documentation, etc. JMeter is free and extensible tool with a substantial community support. One of the JMeter strong points is the distributed testing feature. The master system (controller) carries the user interface or XML test scripts and makes RMI calls to each of the nodes (load generators). Each node receives a mirror of the test plan and performs identical actions on a target Web application [3]. As developers take advantage of JMeterà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s pluggable architecture, JMeters capabilities will rapidly expand in future. The primary goal of further development is to make JMeter the most useful regression testing tool as possible, without compromising JMeters load-testing capabilities. Additional goals are to improve the graphical user interface. Since there is no support for scripting and advance reporting in soapUI currently, there is scope to add scripting libraries and enhance reporting features in future. 6. Limitations Open source testing tools are inexpensive (free), and work well for easy to moderately-difficult jobs but theyre somewhat less user-friendly than commercial tools and complex jobs must be built manually. Some limitations of soapUI include- no maintenance as it is a freely available tool. Scripting libraries are not available. No support for advance reporting. These limitations can be overcome by using soapUI pro, a commercial tool used for testing. Also, soapUI test cases cannot be used as examples illustrating the use of the service. Junit test cases can be used to overcome these limitations. soapUI also requires significant coding for building/maintaining test cases and suites. Also, in the place of actual input data for generated test cases, soapUI leaves question marks (or alternatively some pregenerated Latin words or numbers) [7]. In addition, it does not manage the choice and all elements and the occurrence attributes, but introduces comments explaining to the human tester how to handle them. JMeter has certain drawbacks. Thereà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s no guarantee of support or further development as it is an open source tool. It has limited reporting capabilities. Graphic representation is quite confusing and has no support for scripting. One of the most distinguished disadvantages is insufficient support for test case recording. JMeter uses proxy which can only record HTTP while HTTPS is supported only in so called, spoofing mode. However, there are other tools which can be used in conjunction with JMeter and provide HTTPS test case recording. One such tool is Badboy tool which may be defined as a Web application functional testing tool [3]. 7. Discussion and Summary One of the chief concerns while choosing a testing tool is the cost of the tool. Since software testing usually attracts the least budget in an organization, many people look to the Open Source community for good solutions. This paper is an attempt in showing that there are good open source tools like soapUI and JMeter in the market that accomplishes most of the functionality supported by commercial tools. This paper also studies the performance of different open source web servers for different loads.

Christians and the Environment Essay -- Environment

The lyrics of Michael Jackson’s Earth Song are sobering. Those who have seen the video of the song probably remember how vividly he passionately sang, â€Å"What have we done to the world? Look what we've done.† While understanding the risks involved, human beings seem to care little about the environment. Every day that passes seems to leave the world with more to be concerned with, the ever-increasing pollution, the deforestation, and the threat of nuclear waste. Taking responsibility for the environment is a duty that Christians should commit to. In fact, Christians should lead the world in taking specific actions in the preservation and restoration of the environment. Some environmentalists have blamed Christianity for the abuse of the environment. The 1967 article by Lynn White suggests that Christianity’s theology of the domination of creation is based on the premise that God created everything that exists for the humankind’s use and should be exploited for that purpose. By this, White alleged that Christians do not feel the obligation to take care of the nature, because it was created to serve them. While it may not be entirely true, many Christians do not object to this accusation. They realize that either their faith has been minimalist in its approach to environmental involvement, or it has completely disregarded environmental issues as irrelevant to the fundamentals of the faith. The Christian church however has realized, in recent times, its responsibility and stewardship of the earth. Allan Effa agrees, â€Å"the Christian community is reexamining some of its theological assumptions and filling in some gaping blind spots in its understanding of the missio Dei† (God’s purpose). Thus with a changing attitude, Christians are... ... Universe. http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/michaeljackson/earthsong.html (accessed May 8, 2012). Santa Clara University "The Common Good vs Individualism." Santa Clara University - Welcome. http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v5n1/common.html (accessed May 8, 2012). Radford Ruether, Rosemary, "Ecology and Theology: Ecojustice at the Center of the Church's Mission," Interpretation: A Journal Of Bible & Theology 65, no. 4 (October 2011), 354-363. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed May 7, 2012). Feuerbach, Ludwig and George Eliote. The Essence of Christianity. New York:Calvin Blanchad, 1855) Google Books, http://books.google.com/books?id=Lsvo-mgtuc0C (accessed May, 7 2012), 361. Effa, Allan. "The Greening of Mission." International Bulletin Of Missionary Research 32, no. 4 (October 2008): 171. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed May 7, 2012).

Andrew Jacksons Unruly Rise to the Presidency Essay -- Papers

Andrew Jackson's Unruly Rise to the Presidency In what many have called the dirtiest presidential election ever, Andrew Jackson reigned supreme over John Quincy Adams in the election of 1828. For the first time in a political campaign, the main focus was to slander the reputation of the opponent. Issues seemed to be disregarded in favor of personal attacks upon the individual. The days of standing for office and remaining silent towards the American public before elections took place were over. The election of 1828 focused on insults, name calling, and heckling between the candidates and their parties. The War of 1812 threatened to destroy the young nation's pride. Washington had been burned to the ground, the Hartford Convention was in session, and rumors of a British armada had east coast cities beginning to panic. Into this atmosphere of gloom and doubt burst the news of Andrew Jackson's crushing victory over the British in New Orleans. "The brilliant and unparalleled victory at New Orleans, has closed the war in a blaze of Glory and the nation agreed with him that Jackson's victory placed America on the very pinnacle of fame." Jackson had lifted the pride and the spirit of nationalism in previously frustrated Americans, and thus, became a national hero. Jackson's military triumphs led to suggestions by friends that he become candidate for president, but he disavowed any interest, and political leaders in Washington assumed that the flurry of support for him would prove temporary. The campaign to make him president, however, was kept alive by his continued popularity and was carefully nurtured by a small group of his friends in Nashville, who combined devotion to the general with a high degree of political ... ...ress) Rosebloom, Eugene. A History of Presidential Elections, 1970. Remini, Robert, American Presidential Elections: Election of 1828 (Packet from class.) Remini, Robert, The Election of Andrew Jackson (J.B. Lippincott Co. 1963) Troy, Gil, See How They Ran: The Changing Role of the Presidential Candidate (Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts) Ward, John, Andrew Jackson - Symbol for an Age (New York Oxford University Press, 1962) Satz, Ronald. American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era (Lincoln, 1975) Argus of Western America. Frankfurt, Kentucky, Wednesday, May 16, 1827. Argus of Western America. Frankfurt, Kentucky, Wednesday, June 6, 1827. Argus of Western America. Frankfurt, Kentucky, Wednesday, October 29, 1828. www.ask.com www.altavista.com www.searchopolis.com Notes From Class Andrew Jackson's Unruly Rise to the Presidency Essay -- Papers Andrew Jackson's Unruly Rise to the Presidency In what many have called the dirtiest presidential election ever, Andrew Jackson reigned supreme over John Quincy Adams in the election of 1828. For the first time in a political campaign, the main focus was to slander the reputation of the opponent. Issues seemed to be disregarded in favor of personal attacks upon the individual. The days of standing for office and remaining silent towards the American public before elections took place were over. The election of 1828 focused on insults, name calling, and heckling between the candidates and their parties. The War of 1812 threatened to destroy the young nation's pride. Washington had been burned to the ground, the Hartford Convention was in session, and rumors of a British armada had east coast cities beginning to panic. Into this atmosphere of gloom and doubt burst the news of Andrew Jackson's crushing victory over the British in New Orleans. "The brilliant and unparalleled victory at New Orleans, has closed the war in a blaze of Glory and the nation agreed with him that Jackson's victory placed America on the very pinnacle of fame." Jackson had lifted the pride and the spirit of nationalism in previously frustrated Americans, and thus, became a national hero. Jackson's military triumphs led to suggestions by friends that he become candidate for president, but he disavowed any interest, and political leaders in Washington assumed that the flurry of support for him would prove temporary. The campaign to make him president, however, was kept alive by his continued popularity and was carefully nurtured by a small group of his friends in Nashville, who combined devotion to the general with a high degree of political ... ...ress) Rosebloom, Eugene. A History of Presidential Elections, 1970. Remini, Robert, American Presidential Elections: Election of 1828 (Packet from class.) Remini, Robert, The Election of Andrew Jackson (J.B. Lippincott Co. 1963) Troy, Gil, See How They Ran: The Changing Role of the Presidential Candidate (Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts) Ward, John, Andrew Jackson - Symbol for an Age (New York Oxford University Press, 1962) Satz, Ronald. American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era (Lincoln, 1975) Argus of Western America. Frankfurt, Kentucky, Wednesday, May 16, 1827. Argus of Western America. Frankfurt, Kentucky, Wednesday, June 6, 1827. Argus of Western America. Frankfurt, Kentucky, Wednesday, October 29, 1828. www.ask.com www.altavista.com www.searchopolis.com Notes From Class

Exercise in a Bottle Essay -- Health Diet Weight Loss Papers

Exercise in a Bottle Imagine that it is a Friday night and you are up having a little midnight snack and watching some television. Feeling guilty for eating at such a late hour, you begin to flip through the stations when something catches your eye. It is an infomercial, and usually you just flip right through these, but for odd some reason you decide to watch this one. How could you possibly resist not watching? The commercial begins by showing gorgeous blondes in bikinis, and buff studs in speedos stuffing their faces with hamburgers, pizza, chips and everything that you know should not be eaten in quantity (if at all)! The amazing thing is that these â€Å"people† all have society’s ideal bodies. They are toned, tan, and thin in all of the right places. The commercial proceeds to boast how these women and men never exercise. They don’t need to because they take Enforma’s Exercise in a Bottle! Well now they have gotten your attention--look great, eat what you want and neve r exercise? It sounds way too good to be true! This is what miracle product, Exercise in a Bottle, will promise its potential buyers. But the questions, how does it work, what are they and how do its ingredients work, does it work, and are there any side effects are all key questions to be explored before taking Exercise in a Bottle. After I saw the commercial one night when I was up late snacking with my best friend, I admit that I was definitely tempted to pick up the phone and place an order. I even came close to falling into all of the hype and excitement surrounding this new product when I began my research, but after seeing a more scientific approach to the product, I have changed my mind. WHAT IS EXERCISE IN A BOTTLE? Exercise in a Bottle ... ... EXERCISE. 30(12): 1730-7, 1998 December. 3. Effects of resistance training and Chromioum Picolinate on body composition and skelatal muscle in older men by, Campbell WW., Joseph LJ., Davey SL., Cyr-Campbell D., Anderson RA., and Evans WJ.. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY. 86(1): 29-39,1999 January. 4. Chromium Picolinate Toxicity; by, Cerulli J., Grabe DW., Gauthier I., Malone M., and McGoldrick MD.. ANNALS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY. 32(4) : 428-31, 1998 April 5. Chronic Renal failure after ingestion of over-the-counter chromium picolinate; by, Wasser WG., Feldman NS., and D'Agati VD. 6. http://www.cellular-phone.com/enformal/products.html 7. http://www.enformanatural.com/enforma.html 8. http://st2.yahoo.com/koolatron/enformasystem.html 9. http://www.evitality.net/store/detail/htm?ID=5 10. www.swmed.edu/library/consubj/fitness.htm

Level2 Unit3 Essay

Unit 4: Contribute to the support of positive environments for children and young people Describe what is meant by positive environment All learning and exploring is positive and nurturing. The environment needs to encourage children’s development. It’s how children feel positive and confident about their sense of self and their individual accomplishments. Their space needs to provide a balance of challenge, risk and safety. A positive environment should have expressive materials like paint, drawing materials, and dough or clay. The space should include open-ended materials that can be used in many different ways, so children can pretend, invent and create. Sensory experiences are also very nurturing and soothing for kids’ emotions. Water play, sand play, play dough, pouring materials – they all allow release of frustration. Construction materials, like building blocks, are also important and help develop a child’s fine and gross motor skills. The environment needs to be based on the whole child: socially, emotionally, cognitively, and physically. This approach looks at the environm ent as a whole through the child’s eye. Ask yourself, â€Å"Are there materials so that the child can express his feelings? Are the materials challenging enough? Are there opportunities for fine and gross motor development?† Here are some useful tips: * Organization – Can the child â€Å"read† the environment to make sense of it? Is the space clear or chaotic? Labels or pictures help the child keep the environment orderly, which fosters independence in the child. * Aesthetics – Is there colour, texture, soft materials? Not just primary colors. Having a wide range of colours and materials is more likely to appeal to children and will enable them to gain more intelligence about their world. * Adaptability – Can the space or materials move and change to reflect the child’s current development, interests? Creating a positive environment also means giving a child individual attention and respect by acknowledging the child. Acknowledgement is more than simply complimenting the child. An adult can complement a child by saying, â€Å"I love your art.† Acknowledgement, however, is when an adult takes notice of what a child has done, and says, â€Å"Look, you can do that now!† When creating a positive environment for the child make sure you have a safe and welcoming home. Make sure your house is child-proof in the kitchen, bathroom, and bedrooms. Keep a clean environment not only for health reasons, but also because staying clutter-free will help you from feeling overwhelmed. Play classical music to create a peaceful environment for both yourself and the baby. Identify regulatory requirements The requirements of legislation, regulation and codes of practice for safeguarding and protecting children relevant to the home country where the setting or service is located. The duty of all within the sector to safeguard children, including: The Children Act of 1989 and Children’s Bill of 2004’s aim is to simplify the laws that protect children and young people in the UK. Before these acts came into force there were many different pieces of legislation to protect children and it had become clear that they were not working for the best possible outcomes for children or young people. Bringing these two acts together has given a clear understanding to all who work with children what their duties are and how we should work together in the event of allegations of child abuse. It is the role of all members of staff to safeguard the children by ensuring that you follow your school’s health and safety policies and procedures such as recording accidents on accident for ms, asking parents about bruises, knowing the children well enough to recognise a change in their behaviour, completing on going observations, knowing who is collecting and dropping off the children. You must ensure that all members of staff are fully trained on correct procedures in safeguarding, appropriate and inappropriate behaviour and being aware of not putting themselves into a situation where their behaviour or actions could be misinterpreted; always ensuring that you are never alone with any children in your care. All adults must also be aware of their individual responsibilities to bring matters of concern to the attention of senior management. You can break confidentiality if you suspect a child is at risk and you must know the correct procedure to follow if you have a disclosure of abuse. Also by updating and amending if necessary, your policies and practices on current legislations on safeguarding children. Also by having an independent body (Ofsted) who can monitor you r standards and practices this will protect the children’s rights to be safe, to enjoy and achieve, be healthy and make a positive contribution to society. How to effectively care for skin, hair and teeth Hygiene is more than just being clean. It is defined as the many practices that help people be and stay healthy. Practicing good personal hygiene is smart for two reasons. First, it helps prevent people from catching and spreading illness and disease. Second, it helps people feel good about themselves and their bodies. Good hygiene includes thoroughly and regularly washing one’s body (especially hands), washing one’s hair, brushing and flossing teeth, and caring for gums. These grooming habits will reduce the threat of bacteria that constantly reside on the body. While a certain amount of bacteria are harmless, and even beneficial, to the body, a build-up of bacteria can harm a person’s health. As children grow older, their bodies go through a number of changes. While good hygiene is important for everyone at any age, it can require greater care at the onset of puberty. When puberty arrives (usually between the ages of eight and sixteen), it means the body is becoming sexually mature. Hormones, certain chemicals made by one’s bod y, produce both physical and emotional changes. It is the physical changes that require greater attention when it comes to hygiene. For a young girl or boy, this means taking more time and care cleaning one’s body, especially the sexual organs, dealing with acne, bad breath, and a stronger body odor, as well as doing more to prevent cavities and gum disease. Skin is the largest organ on the body. It has two layers: the thin outer layer is made up of dead skin cells that are constantly shed and replaced by new cells. The thick inner layer is made up of blood vessels, nerves, and hair follicles, which contain glands. The glands in the hair follicles produce an oily substance called sebum, which keeps the skin and hair from drying out. Daily washing will keep the skin on the face and other areas of the body clean by removing the dirt, oil, and dead cells before they can accumulate. Taking good care of the skin involves a few basic steps. Dermatologists recommend that a person wa sh the face two times a day with a mild soap or gentle cleanser. It is best to avoid washing too often, as the skin will become irritated and dry out. If too much of the skin’s natural oil is washed away, the skin may become very dry and begin to itch and flake. Because the skin’s natural process is interrupted, the skin may begin to produce more oil than usual, which can cause more breakouts. Dermatologists also recommend the following for clean, healthy skin: * Use lotions only if needed, and use ones that are oil-free and water-based. * Try to identify what irritates the skin; if it’s stress, try to reduce stress levels. * Leave pimples alone; picking, popping, or squeezing them will only make them worse. * Have only a dermatologist remove or extract pimples. * Try to avoid touching the face. * Keep hands clean by washing them often. * Try to stay out of the sun, and use a sunscreen every day during summer Just like skin, hair covers and protects the body. Hair is made up of tubes of keratin. Keratin is a tough protein produced by the body. Hair grows from roots in the skin, which are called follicles. Unlike the skin, which is a living organism, by the time a hair grows out of the follicle, it is already â€Å"dead.† At the bottom of the follicle is the sebaceous gland. There, sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the hair shaft, is made. Hair comes in a variety of types. Whether hair is curly, wavy, or straight depends upon the shape of the hair follicle. A flat follicle yields wavy hair while a round follicle produces straight hair. Very curly hair comes from oval-shaped follicles. As there are different types of hair, there are also different colours and different textures—thick or thin. Whatever kind of hair a person has, it is important that it be kept clean. This will help it look and smel l good and prevent the development of scalp problems. Taking good care of your teeth is one of the smartest investments a person can make in their health, helping to ensure that the teeth will remain strong, healthy, and white for a lifetime. While many advances have been made in dentistry and in replacing teeth, nothing can ever take the place of natural teeth. They are stronger than any artificial teeth a dental professional can make. This is why it is important to care for them properly. Dental problems can be prevented by regularly using a toothbrush and dental floss, the tools for good teeth. There are many important reasons to brush the teeth every day. Brushing removes the plaque (a sticky film of bacteria that grows around the teeth) that causes tooth decay, or cavities. Brushing also helps keep gums healthy and breath fresh. To make the most of brushing, a person should choose a soft-bristled toothbrush with a shape that suits one’s mouth and allows one to reach all of the teeth easily. Use a toothpaste with fluoride (a chemical compound that is added to toothpaste and drinking water to help prevent tooth decay), hold the toothbrush at a 45-degree angle against the gums, and brush back and forth in short movements. Make certain to brush the outer, inner, and chewing surfaces (or flat surfaces) of the teeth. Brushing the tongu e will help remove bacteria that can cause bad breath. Flossing between teeth is a very important habit to acquire. Ideally, flossing should be done every time the teeth are brushed. Using dental floss removes plaque that is caught between the teeth. This will help prevent both cavities and gum disease. When flossing, use a generous length of floss (about 18 inches or so). Wrap one end of the floss securely around one of the middle fingers. Hook the other end around the same finger on the opposite hand. Holding the floss tightly between the thumbs and forefingers, pull the floss gently between each tooth. Softly rub the floss against the side of each tooth. Some people have difficulty handling floss, but there are many types of interdental cleaners that accomplish the same thing as floss. These include different kinds of picks and dental sticks that can be found in a pharmacy. It may sound strange, but there is such a thing as brushing teeth too vigorously. Even though brushing is v ital to maintaining healthy teeth, it can be harmful if you are brushing improperly. The enamel that protects the outside of your teeth is hard but it can get worn. When enamel is worn, teeth are more prone to decay. Using gentle, short strokes when brushing helps ensure that teeth don’t get damaged. How a positive environment and routine meet emotional needs The environment plays a key role in supporting and extending children’s development and learning. Promoting a healthy self-concept and self-esteem in children is important to the academic and life success of the child. Self-concept and self-esteem are often used interchangeably though they have different meanings. Self-concept is the child’s perceptions of her strengths and weaknesses regarding a specific activity or talent. Self-esteem is based on how much she respects herself as a whole, and that concept includes overall happiness and satisfaction in life. Self-concept and self-esteem in children begins as infants. For instance, when a baby finally rolls over after dozens of attempts, it teaches her a â€Å"can-do† attitude. Self-esteem is important because it helps every part of a person’s life. If you have high self-esteem you will be more prepared to take on challenges, take on leadership roles and generally take risks. Believing in yourself gives you both the motivation and ability to do great things, and it is therefore extremely important that you help children develop their self-esteem. A child may not have a deep sense of self-confidence at a young age. A timid and shy child may need some encouragement to come out of her shell. With some subtle suggestions and consistent reinforcement you can help to nurture her self-confidence at an early age and foster high self-esteem in her as she grows. Having self-confidence and self-esteem will help your child be more apt to participate in class, take part in extra-curricular activities and be more social in general. Children who have high self-esteem think positively about themselves, and are able to deal with disappointment and failure better than children with low self-esteem. Scientists have found that children with low self-esteem are more likely than kids with high self-esteem to develop depression and substance abuse later in life. Children form opinions about their self-worth f rom watching the adults around them, especially their parents, when they are as young as a year old. Importance of balancing periods of physical activity with rest and quiet time. Physical activity must be balanced with work, especially in schools. Work balanced with play benefits all of society, and this is especially important for youngsters. Children become restless if their school day is not interlaced with periods of stretching, running, playing and other muscle and bone building exercises. As they are learning in their health classes, physical and mental exercising goes together. A well-nourished and wholesome body that is regularly gets physical exercise, will be more mentally alive and active. Consistent, predictable routines help young children understand the child care environment and feel secure. A regular routine enables children to reduce anxiety by knowing what is coming next. A well-planned routine will also help encourage children’s positive behaviour by meeting their basic needs for eating, sleeping, active and quiet play, time alone, and time with other children. Here are a few basic guidelines for setting up a consistent routine in your child: Plan based on children’s ages. Children of different ages need different types of schedules and routines. Infants respond best to individualized care, where they eat and sleep on their own biological schedules. Trying to get all infants to nap or eat at the same time is frustrating, both to the infant and the child care provider. Establish consistent times for eating and napping once children reach the toddler age. Children’s small stomachs and high energy levels need nutritious snacks and meals frequently. All children need to rest, even if they don’t sleep. Children whose basic needs are met will be less cranky and whiny. Balance active times with quiet times. Children are full of energy and don’t know how to slow down and rest. Planning your daily schedule so there are active play times and quiet play and rest will help children learn how to pace themselves. Balance group time with time to be alone. Children two years old and older need time to come together as a group, time to play with one or two friends, and some alone time. This teaches them the importance of community, the value of friendships, and respect for individual needs. Create a schedule that balances whole-group activities, small-group interaction, and child-directed free play. Keep routines consistent. Doing the same things in the same order helps children know what to expect in chi ld care. For example, toddlers may know that when the teacher says it’s lunchtime, they need to put away their toys, go wash their hands, sit down at their place at the table, and wait for the teacher to sit down. Most children who have been in child care for a while remember the basic routines and are less stressed when the routine is consistent. Basic nutritional requirements. Although children growth is slower than in infancy, school-aged children still have high nutritional needs but fairly small appetites. So it’s crucial all meals and snacks continue to be rich in nutrients and energy. The food choices children make during the crucial years of development can influence their future health risk and can also influence food habits in later life. A structured eating plan with regular meals and snacks is important to establish good eating habits. Ensure there’s also plenty of variety – burgers and chips are fine occasionally, but not for every meal. A limited number of foods make it difficult to obtain the full range of nutrients. Make sure children have a range of foods based on each of the main food groups. School dinners in England are subject to strict nutritional guidelines, and other rules cover school tuck shops and vending machines. Primary schools now have to stipulate the vitamin content of school meals, and secondary schools need to do so from 2009. The Scottish and Welsh governments are also developing legislation to tighten up on school dinner food choices. Encourage children to: * Always choose foods rich in protein, such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, cheese or beans, but encourage them not to eat pies, pasties, sausages or burgers every day as these are very high in fat * Choose at least one starchy food – bread, jacket potatoes, boiled potatoes, rice or pasta * Eat at least one portion of vegetables – raw, cooked alone, or as part of a salad How to establish different dietary requirements School lunch menus are designed for the majority of the school population, so some pupils with special dietary needs may need to be catered for individually. It is up to the school to decide whether this is feasible, although every effort should be made to cater for all pupils’ needs. Schools are not required by law to cater for children with special dietary needs but they are encouraged to do so. Schools should develop a policy and procedure to ensure that a request for a special diet is handled in an efficient and appropriate way. It is good practice for these requirements to be written into any contracts that are developed with caterers. Catering providers and local authorities may already have policies and procedures in place. The School Food Regulations (2007) require that all food and drink provided in local authority maintained primary, secondary, special schools and pupil referral units must meet the final food-based and nutrient-based standards for school lunches and the food-based standards for school food other than lunches. The Regulations do not specify that schools must provide a daily vegetarian option; however, schools must assess the dietary needs of their population, and make every effort to cater for all pupils’ needs in order to provide a popular and viable service. Special schools were required to comply with the final food-based and nutrient-based standards for school lunches by September 2009. This includes special schools with primary aged pupils, and special schools with secondary aged pupils. The School Food Regulations (2007) state that where a special school provides both primary and secondary education, a school lunch provided to a junior pupil must comply with the requirements for primary schools; and a school lunch provided to a senior pupil must comply with the requirements for secondary schools. There is no exemption for pupils following medically prescribed diets, and food provided to pupils following medically prescribed diets should be included in the calculation of the nutrient content of an average school lunch. The nutrient-based standards apply to lunch provision for the school as a whole, rather than consumption by individual pupils. Therefore, it is possible for schools to meet the standards whilst also providing different options (as necessary) for individual children with special dietary requirements. Basic food safety If you can help kids understand why it’s necessary to wash their hands, they’re more likely to remember to put it into practice. Food hygiene is all about preventing the spread of bacteria that can cause disease. Bacteria are living organisms just like you and me. The fact that you can’t see them doesn’t mean that they can’t cause problems. How we store food is very important in the fight against bacteria. Many of the foods we buy have recommendations for storage on their labels but there are some basic rules. * Keep chilled food in the fridge with raw meats at the bottom (this prevents any blood that escapes from the meat dropping onto other food and contaminating it). * Keep frozen food in the freezer and don’t re-freeze defrosted food. * Don’t leave food out uncovered. * Allow hot food to cool before putting in the fridge as hot food will raise the temperature in the fridge. Handling Food * ALWAYS WASH YOUR HANDS BEFORE TOUCHING FOOD! This is even more important if you’ve just been to the toilet or have earth on your hands. * You shouldn’t really wash your hands in the same sink that you do dishes in. * Wash your hands with soap and make sure that you scrub them all over – don’t just dip your fingers under a tap! * Wash your hands frequently while cooking especially after touching raw meat. * Use different chopping boards for meat and vegetables. Having a selection of different coloured boards makes this easier. * Scrub the chopping boards thoroughly after use. Hard plastic ones are best. Cooking * Before starting to cook, make sure you are wearing an apron, have hair tied back, and have short sleeves or rolled up sleeves that can’t catch in anything. * Don’t sneeze or cough over the food! Turn away, and wash your hands afterwards. * Don’t play with your hair or nose! Wash your hands after touching either. * Any cuts or scratches should be covered with a plaster To kill bacteria: * Make sure fish and meat are thoroughly cooked. * Eggs for young children, who are especially vulnerable, should be cooked until the yolk is hard.

Dbq Essay Crickets and Politics

The relationship between cricket and politics is clearly portrayed in South Asia from 1880 to 2005 through the easing of the tension between different caste members, although the tension eased was not always from a religious aspect between the Pakistanis, Indians, and the British. The different problems that arose in South Asia was mostly class or caste systems (Docs 2, 3, 4), rivalry (Docs 1, 6, 10), and religious tensions (Docs 5, 7, 8, 9) against the different countries and cricket teams. Cricket in many ways was a unifying force for the different classes in India as well as the relationship between Britain and India.As seen in Document 2, an Indian cricketer was invited to â€Å"†¦ join the Sussex team,† which was a team from England. This shows some equality between the British and the Indians because the British typically saw the Indians as lower than them in standards. However, this paper could have left some things out and used as a source of propaganda seeing tha t it was published by a British newspaper. (POV) This connection between the British and the Indians can also be seen in Document 3 because in the opinion of an English cricketer and historian, he felt that â€Å"Cricket unites the rulers and the ruled. The ruler in this case was Britain and the ruled was India. Cricket was said to be one of the most â€Å"†¦ civilizing influences,† and the one that did â€Å"†¦ least harm,† because rather than making the Indians grief over the fact that they were not an independent country, they gave them the sport of cricket, a source of happiness, moral training, and more. A sense of equality can be seen in Document 4 between the different castes in India. A lower caste Hindu was allowed to be on a team just because he was good at cricket.The other team members took him into the team and ignored the fact that they weren’t from the same caste. This is a very important example of unity because in history, different c aste systems were never allowed to mix. For example, a lower caste woman could not marry a higher caste man. Accepting a lower caste Hindu in a higher caste cricket team is a turn in history. Even though cricket was a very uniting force, it was also the cause of rivalry throughout India. Cricket was a sport brought to India by the British and the Indians were pretty grateful towards the British for bringing cricket.However, what they were not grateful for was the fact that the English would play polo on cricket grounds, as said in Document 1. Document 1 states that â€Å"†¦ more than five hundred young men of all ages and of all castes pursue this healthful sport on the Parade ground where alone they are permitted to play and which is the only ground suitable for cricket. † The Indians were arguing to the governor of the province of Bombay, India that the English were ruining the turf that they were playing cricket on by playing polo. They requested that the English shou ld play somewhere else and not on their turf.Furthermore, shown in Document 6, the Indians felt that when they â€Å"†¦ defeated the European teams of Calcutta†¦ ,† that it was the only time they were playing on the same level as the English. Fair and square. Usually, the British would have the authority potential wise, but the game of cricket evened it all out because when you play a sport, you can’t win by support, but by skill. Document 10 showed another example of rivalry. The chairman feels that Cricket is a sport that can bring people together and makes people ignore the fact that there are problems with water and etc.However, he’s not one to say these things. Cricket has brought Indians and Pakistanis together in so many ways, just like the chairman said, â€Å"We share culture. We share a history. We share so much. † Lastly, cricket played an important role in the religious tensions between the Indians and Pakistanis or the Hindus and Mu slims. Muhammad Ali Jinnah said in Document 5 that he hopes that the game of cricket teaches the different religious sides to unite and not fight about who won the game or lost the game. He believes that cricket â€Å"†¦ has many lessons to teach in other walks of life. This showed that although the religious tension was so great that they had to make two different countries for each religious side, they could still embrace the fact that they both share a common interest, cricket. In Document 7, an editorial in the Indian sports journal, they said that the purpose of the Quadrangular Tournament, a big cricket competition, has changed over the years due to some â€Å"†¦ self-seeking leaders,† who wanted to gain ends by stirring up religious fanaticism. They have turned the sport of cricket into a sport of religious rivalry.However, this editorial still agrees with the fact that cricket â€Å"†¦ did not harm. † This was an â€Å"editorial† so this article must have been very biased in their opinions on this subject. Having opinions in an article is a very powerful force because some opinions can move people and change their thoughts and ideas about something into something different. (POV) Mohandas Gandhi, the leader of the Indian independence movement and the voice of Document 8 also agrees with Document 7. Gandhi believes that having the Tournaments between religions is ridiculous.He says that if the Tournaments were between colleges and institutions, he could understand, but to have the Tournaments be between Hindu, Parsi, Muslim, and other religious teams is not understandable. Segregating teams by religion gave no way for competition to stir up. The game just became more of a religious movement. Document 9 shows a clear sense obvious religious tension. The Hindus feel that they are the superior religion and when the Hindus lose a game of cricket, the Muslims should not be celebrating but mourning for the Hindus’ l oss.I feel that this is very biased because it was written by the founder of a Hindu nationalist organization and it is a very selfish statement as well. Cricket should be a fair game and each side has their own choice of mourning or celebrating. The Hindus should not have to be the judge on who can celebrate and who can be sad. (POV) I feel that it would be helpful if there were two extra documents explaining the cricket and politics connection even more in depth.One of the documents should be from a lower- caste cricket player and the other one should be from a higher-caste cricket player because most of the documents given were from a high status point of view. They were all newspapers, organizations, or high-class leaders. Giving the input from a lower-caste would give us an input on how they felt about the whole class situation in cricket. Did they think it was fair? Did they feel as if they were being treated equally or were they still looked down upon? The other document from the higher-caste cricket player would give insight on how they felt about the lower-caste playing on their teams.How did they feel about it? Do they feel like they betrayed their caste system or was it still the same? In conclusion, cricket was not only a unifying sport between Indians-Pakistanis and Indians-British, it was also a sport that caused some rivalry and religious tensions. All sides had equal chance in winning the sport and for once, the British wouldn’t have to start at the top, which gave the Indians a sense of nationalism and independence in a way. Cricket gave these sides a different way of expressing their rivalry between each other instead of bloodshed.